|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{distinguish|Albert G. Brown}}
| + | |
| − | {{Infobox US Cabinet official
| + | |
| − | | name=Albert Gallatin
| + | |
| − | | image=AlbertGallatin.jpeg
| + | |
| − | | imagesize=245px
| + | |
| − | | order=4th
| + | |
| − | | title=[[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]
| + | |
| − | | term_start=May 14, 1801
| + | |
| − | | term_end=February 8, 1814
| + | |
| − | | predecessor=[[Samuel Dexter]]
| + | |
| − | | successor=[[George W. Campbell]]
| + | |
| − | | president=[[Thomas Jefferson]]<br>[[James Madison]]
| + | |
| − | | title2=[[United States Senate|United States Senator]]<br />from [[Pennsylvania]]
| + | |
| − | | term_start2=December 2, 1793
| + | |
| − | | term_end2=February 28, 1794
| + | |
| − | | predecessor2=[[William Maclay (politician)|William Maclay]]
| + | |
| − | | successor2=[[James Ross (Pennsylvania congressman)|James Ross]]
| + | |
| − | | state3=[[Pennsylvania]]
| + | |
| − | | district3=[[Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district|12th]]
| + | |
| − | | term_start3=March 4, 1795
| + | |
| − | | term_end3=March 4, 1801
| + | |
| − | | predecessor3=[[William Findley]]
| + | |
| − | | successor3=[[William Hoge (Pennsylvania politician)|William Hoge]]
| + | |
| − | | minister_from4=United States
| + | |
| − | | country4=France
| + | |
| − | | term_start4 = July 16, 1816
| + | |
| − | | term_end4 = May 16, 1823
| + | |
| − | | predecessor4 = [[William H. Crawford]]
| + | |
| − | | successor4 = [[James Brown (Louisiana)|James Brown]]
| + | |
| − | | minister_from5=United States
| + | |
| − | | country5 = the United Kingdom
| + | |
| − | | term_start5 = September 1, 1826
| + | |
| − | | term_end5 = October 4, 1827
| + | |
| − | | predecessor5 = [[Rufus King]]
| + | |
| − | | successor5 = [[James Barbour]]
| + | |
| − | | birth_date={{birth date|1761|1|29|mf=y}}
| + | |
| − | | birth_place=[[Geneva]], [[Republic and Canton of Geneva#History|Republic of Geneva]]
| + | |
| − | | death_date={{death date and age|1849|8|12|1761|1|29}}
| + | |
| − | | death_place=[[Astoria, New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| + | |
| − | | resting_place = [[Trinity Churchyard]], New York City
| + | |
| − | | party=[[Democratic-Republican Party (United States)|Democratic-Republican]]
| + | |
| − | | spouse=Sophia Gallatin (died 1790)<br />Hannah Gallatin
| + | |
| − | | profession=[[Politician]], [[Ethnologist]], [[Professor]]
| + | |
| − | | signature=Albert Gallatin Signature.svg
| + | |
| − | }}
| + | |
| | | | |
| | '''Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin''' (January 29, 1761 – August 12, 1849) was a Swiss-American [[politician]], [[diplomat]], [[ethnologist]] and [[linguistics|linguist]]. He served as a [[United States Representative|Congressman]], [[United States Senate|Senator]], [[United States Ambassador]] and was the longest-serving [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]. In 1831, he helped found the University of the City of New York, now [[New York University]]. | | '''Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin''' (January 29, 1761 – August 12, 1849) was a Swiss-American [[politician]], [[diplomat]], [[ethnologist]] and [[linguistics|linguist]]. He served as a [[United States Representative|Congressman]], [[United States Senate|Senator]], [[United States Ambassador]] and was the longest-serving [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]. In 1831, he helped found the University of the City of New York, now [[New York University]]. |
| Line 97: |
Line 53: |
| | Almost immediately, Gallatin became active in Pennsylvania politics; he was a member of the [[Pennsylvania Constitution|state constitutional convention]] in 1789, and was elected to the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] in 1790. | | Almost immediately, Gallatin became active in Pennsylvania politics; he was a member of the [[Pennsylvania Constitution|state constitutional convention]] in 1789, and was elected to the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] in 1790. |
| | | | |
| − | ===Senator===
| |
| − | In [[United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, 1793|1793]], Gallatin won election to the [[United States Senate]]. When the Third Congress opened on December 2, 1793, he took the [[oath of office]], but, on that same day, nineteen Pennsylvania Federalists filed a protest with the Senate that Gallatin did not have the minimum nine years of citizenship required to be a senator. The petition was sent to committee, which duly reported that Gallatin had not been a citizen for the required period. Gallatin rebutted the committee report, noting his unbroken residence of thirteen years in the United States, his 1785 oath of allegiance to the Commonwealth of Virginia, his service in the Pennsylvania legislature, and his substantial property holdings in the United States. The report and Gallatin's rebuttal were sent to a second committee. This committee also reported that Gallatin should be removed. The matter then went before the full Senate where Gallatin was removed in a party-line vote of 14–12.
| |
| | | | |
| − | Gallatin's brief stint in the Senate was not without consequence. Gallatin had proven to be an effective opponent of [[Alexander Hamilton]]'s financial policies, and the election controversy added to his fame. The dispute itself had important ramifications. At the time, the Senate held closed sessions. However, with the American Revolution only a decade ended, the senators were leery of anything which might hint that they intended to establish an aristocracy, so they opened up their chamber for the first time for the debate over whether to unseat Gallatin. Soon after, open sessions became standard procedure for the Senate.<ref>{{cite book| last=Butler| first=Anne M.|author2=Wolff, Wendy| title=Senate Election, Expulsion and Censure Cases from 1793 to 1990| year=1995| publisher=Government Printing Office| location=Washington, D.C.| pages=3–5| chapter=Case 1: Albert Gallatin}}</ref>
| + | {{DEFAULTSORT:Gallatin, Albert}} |
| | | | |
| − | ===Whiskey Rebellion===
| |
| − | Returning home, he found western Pennsylvanians (mostly Scotch Irish) angry at the whiskey tax imposed in 1791 by Congress at the demand of [[Alexander Hamilton]] to raise money to pay the national debt. Farmers could only export whiskey because transportation costs were too high for grain. Although Gallatin had opposed the tax before it was passed and attended numerous protest meetings, he counseled moderation. Nevertheless, the role he played in the [[Whiskey Rebellion]] in the early 1790s proved a lasting political liability, as President [[George Washington]] denounced the tax protesters, called out the militia, and marched at the head of the army for a portion of their way to put down the rebellion. A group of radicals, headed by a lawyer named [[David Bradford (lawyer)|David Bradford]], staged incendiary meetings, to which they summoned the local militia, terrorized conservatives in Pittsburgh, threatened federal revenue officers with death, and called for rebellion.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Gallatin calmed the westerners; with courage and persuasive oratory, he faced the excited and armed mobs, heartened the moderates, won over the wavering, and at last secured a vote of 34 to 23 in the revolutionary committee of sixty for peaceable submission to the law of the country. The rebellion collapsed as the army moved near, Bradford fled, and there was no fighting. Gallatin had the farmers agree on a reduction proposal on the tax on whiskey. Congress accepted the proposal, then later repealed the tax on whiskey. Gallatin's neighbors approved his advocacy of their cause and elected him to the U.S. House of Representatives for three terms, 1795–1801.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Party leader===
| |
| − | Entering the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in 1795, he served in the fourth through sixth Congresses. He was the major spokesman on finance for the new Jeffersonian Republican Party (later referred to by historians as the [[Democratic-Republican Party]]), headed by [[James Madison]]. By 1797, when Madison retired, Gallatin became the party leader in the House, a position now known as [[House Majority Leader]]. He strongly opposed the domestic programs of the [[Federalist Party]], as well as the [[Jay Treaty]] of 1795, which he thought was a sellout to the British. When the [[Quasi War]] with France erupted in 1798 he kept a low profile, but did oppose the [[Alien and Sedition Acts]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Although Gallatin opposed the entire program of [[Alexander Hamilton]] in the 1790s, when he came to power in 1801 he found himself keeping all the main parts, and supporting the [[First Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]], which other Jeffersonians vehemently opposed.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | As party leader, Gallatin put a great deal of pressure on President [[John Adams]]' Treasury Secretary [[Oliver Wolcott, Jr.]] to maintain fiscal responsibility. He also helped found the House Committee on Finance (which would evolve into the [[U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means|Ways and Means Committee]]) and often engineered withholding of finances by the House as a method of overriding executive actions to which he objected. His measures to withhold naval appropriations during this period were met with vehement animosity by the Federalists, who accused him of being a French spy.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Secretary of the Treasury===
| |
| − | {{Css Image Crop|Image = GALLATIN, Albert-Treasury (BEP engraved portrait).jpg|bSize = 280|cWidth = 220|cHeight = 260|oTop = 26|oLeft = 28|Location = |Description = <center>[[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] portrait of Gallatin as Secretary of the Treasury.}}
| |
| − | [[File:GallatinTreas.jpg|thumb|[[Albert Gallatin (Fraser)|''Albert Gallatin'']] is honored with a statue in front of the northern entrance to the [[United States Department of the Treasury|United States Treasury Building]] in Washington]]
| |
| − | [[File:Gallatin, Albert (signature).jpg|thumb|Albert Gallatin, signature]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Gallatin's mastery of public finance, an ability rare among members of the Jeffersonian party, led to his automatic choice as Secretary of the Treasury by Thomas Jefferson, despite Federalist attacks that he was a "foreigner" with a French accent. He was secretary from 1801 to May 1813 (and nominally until February 1814) under presidents [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]], the longest tenure of this office in American history.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====National debt====
| |
| − | Jefferson and Gallatin focused on the danger that the public debt, unless it was paid off, would be a threat to republican values. They were appalled that Hamilton was increasing the national debt and using it to solidify his Federalist base. Gallatin was the Republican Party's chief expert on fiscal issues and as Treasury Secretary under Jefferson and Madison worked hard to lower taxes and lower the debt, while at the same time paying cash for the Louisiana Purchase and funding the War of 1812. Burrows says of Gallatin:
| |
| − | :His own fears of personal dependency and his small-shopkeeper's sense of integrity, both reinforced by a strain of radical republican thought that originated in England a century earlier, convinced him that public debts were a nursery of multiple public evils—corruption, legislative impotence, executive tyranny, social inequality, financial speculation, and personal indolence. Not only was it necessary to extinguish the existing debt as rapidly as possible, he argued, but Congress would have to ensure against the accumulation of future debts by more diligently supervising government expenditures.<ref>Edwin G. Burrows. "Gallatin, Albert" in [http://www.anb.org/articles/02/02-00135.html ''American National Biography Online'' (2000) Accessed Dec 03 2013]</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====Budget====
| |
| − | The national debt was seen as an indicator of waste and corruption, and Jeffersonians wanted it paid off totally. They also wanted to buy Louisiana and fight a war with Britain, and Gallatin managed to finance these grand objectives, but he could not simultaneously pay off the debt. The debt stood at $80 million in 1801, and Gallatin devoted three quarters of federal revenues to reducing it. Despite spending $15 million on Louisiana, and losing the tax on whiskey when it was repealed in 1802, Gallatin trimmed the debt to $45 million. The government saved money by mothballing the navy and keeping the army small and poorly equipped. Gallatin reluctantly supported Jefferson's embargo of 1807–1808, which tried to use economic coercion to change British policies, and failed to do so.<ref>Richard Mannix, "Gallatin, Jefferson, and the Embargo of 1808", ''Diplomatic History'' (1979) v.3 #3, pp. 151–172.</ref> The [[War of 1812]] (1812–1815) proved expensive, and the debt soared to $123 million, even with burdensome new taxes.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====West====
| |
| − | Gallatin helped plan the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]], mapping out the area to be explored. Upon finding the source of the [[Missouri River]] at present-day [[Three Forks, Montana]], Captains [[Meriwether Lewis|Lewis]] and [[William Clark (explorer)|Clark]] named the eastern of the three tributaries after Gallatin; the other two were named after President Jefferson and [[James Madison]], the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] (and next President). The [[Gallatin River]] descends from [[Yellowstone National Park]], followed north by [[U.S. Highway 191]] past the [[Big Sky Resort]], towards [[Bozeman, Montana|Bozeman]]. A few miles southwest of the city the river turns northwest, where [[Interstate 90]] follows it to Three Forks.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====Internal improvements====
| |
| − | In 1808 Gallatin proposed a dramatic $20 million program of [[internal improvements]]—that is, roads and canals along the Atlantic seacoast and across the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]] mountain barrier to be financed by the federal government. This was something new, and many considered it outright unconstitutional. It was rejected by the "Old Republican" faction of his party that deeply distrusted the national government, and anyway there was no money to pay for it. Most of Gallatin's proposals were eventually carried out years later, but this was done not by the concerted federal action he proposed, but by local governmental and private action. Though often wasteful, this method enlisted local and private energies in large enterprises.<ref>Carter Goodrich, "The Gallatin Plan after One Hundred and Fifty Years." ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 1958 102(5): 436–41.</ref> While not a pacifist, he strongly opposed building up a navy and endorsed Jefferson's scheme of using small gunboats to protect major ports. The plan failed in the [[War of 1812]] as the British, unhindered, landed behind the harbors.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====War of 1812====
| |
| − | In 1812, the U.S. was financially unprepared for war. For example, the Democratic Republicans allowed the [[First Bank of the United States]] to expire in 1811, over Gallatin's objections. He had to ship $7 million to Europe to pay off its foreign stockholders just at a time money was needed for war. The heavy military expenditures for the War of 1812, and the decline in tariff revenue caused by the [[Embargo Act|embargo]] and the British blockade cut off legitimate trade (there was plenty of smuggling, but smugglers never paid taxes.)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In 1813, the Treasury had expenditures of $39 million and revenue of only $15 million. Despite anger from Congress, Gallatin was forced to reintroduce the Federalist taxes he had denounced in 1798, such as the [[excise tax|taxes]] on whiskey and salt, as well as a direct tax on land and slaves. Absent a national bank, and with the refusal of New England financiers to loan money for the war effort, Gallatin resorted to innovative methods to finance the war. In March 1813, he initiated the public bidding system that was to characterize subsequent government borrowings. A financial syndicate subscribed for 57% of the $16,000,000 loan, of which $5,720,000 came from New York City, $6,858,000 from Philadelphia, and $75,000 from Boston. He succeeded in funding the deficit of $69 million by bond issues, and thereby paid the direct cost of the war, which amounted to $87 million. Realizing the need for a national bank, he helped charter the [[Second Bank of the United States]], in 1816.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Diplomat===
| |
| − | In 1813, President [[James Madison]] sent him as the United States representative to a [[Russian Empire – United States relations|Russian]]-brokered peace talk, which Britain ultimately refused, preferring direct negotiations. Gallatin then resigned as Secretary of the Treasury to head the United States delegation for these negotiations and was instrumental in securing the [[Treaty of Ghent]], which brought the War of 1812 to a close. His patience and skill in dealing not only with the British but also with his fellow members of the American commission, including [[Henry Clay]] and [[John Quincy Adams]], made the Treaty "the special and peculiar triumph of Mr. Gallatin."<ref>Adams (1879) p. 546</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Declining another term at the Treasury, from 1816 to 1823 Gallatin served as [[United States Minister]] to France, struggling with scant success to improve relations with the government during the [[Bourbon Restoration]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Politics===
| |
| − | Gallatin returned to America in 1823 and was nominated for Vice President by the Democratic-Republican [[Congressional nominating caucus|Congressional caucus]] that had chosen [[William H. Crawford]] as its Presidential candidate. Gallatin never wanted the role and was humiliated when he was forced to withdraw from the race because he lacked popular support.<ref>Raymond Walters, ''Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat'' (1957) pp. 320-4</ref> Gallatin was alarmed at the possibility [[Andrew Jackson]] might win; he saw Jackson as "an honest man and the idol of the worshippers of military glory, but from incapacity, military habits, and habitual disregard of laws and constitutional provisions, altogether unfit for the office."<ref>Adams (1879), p599.</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | He returned home to Pennsylvania where he lived until 1826. In 1825, Gallatin declined to serve as Secretary of the Treasury when he was offered the post by President [[John Quincy Adams]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | By 1826, there was much contention between the United States and Britain over claims to the [[Columbia River]] system on the Northwest coast. Gallatin put forward a claim in favor of American ownership, outlining what has been called the "principle of contiguity" in his statement called "The Land West of the Rockies". It states that lands adjacent to already settled territory can reasonably be claimed by the settled territory. This argument is an early version of the doctrine of America's "[[manifest destiny]]". This principle became the legal premise by which the United States was able to claim the lands to the west. In 1826 and 1827, he served as minister to the [[Court of St. James's]] (i.e., minister to Great Britain) and negotiated several useful agreements, such as a ten-year extension of the joint occupation of Oregon.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Later life==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Founding of New York University===
| |
| − | Gallatin then settled in New York City, where he helped found [[New York University]] in 1831, in order to offer university education to the working and merchant classes as well as the wealthy. He became president of the National Bank in New York City<ref>http://www.scripophily.com/nybankhistoryg.htm</ref> (which was later renamed Gallatin Bank) from 1831 until 1839<ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224240/Albert-Gallatin</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Native American studies===
| |
| − | [[File:First Nation Control over North America about 1600 AD.jpg|thumb|right|350px|First Nation Control over North America about 1600 AD. (In: Archaeologia Americana. Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society. Vol II. By the Hon. Albert Gallatin. Cambridge: Printed For The Society, At The University Press. 1836)]]
| |
| − | His last great endeavor was founding the [[American Ethnological Society]] (AES). With his studies of the languages of the Native Americans, he has been called "the father of American ethnology."
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Throughout his career, Gallatin pursued an interest in [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] language and culture. He drew upon government contacts in his research, gathering information through [[Lewis Cass]], explorer William Clark, and Thomas McKenney of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]]. Gallatin developed a personal relationship with [[Cherokee]] tribal leader [[John Ridge]], who provided him with information on the vocabulary and structure of the Cherokee language. Gallatin's research resulted in two published works: ''A Table of Indian Languages of the United States'' (1826) and ''Synopsis of the Indian Tribes of North America'' (1836). His research led him to conclude that the natives of North and South America were linguistically and culturally related, and that their common ancestors had migrated from Asia in prehistoric times.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In 1842, Gallatin joined with [[John Russell Bartlett]] to found the AES. Later research efforts include examination of selected [[Pueblo]] societies, the Akimel O'odham ([[Pima people|Pima]]) peoples, and the [[Maricopa people|Maricopa]] of the Southwest. In politics, Gallatin stood for [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of Native Americans into European based American society, encouraging federal efforts in education leading to assimilation and denying annuities for Native Americans displaced by western expansion.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} As of 1848, Gallatin was serving as president of the AES.<ref name=Squier>{{cite book|last=Squier|first=E.G.|title=Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley|year=1848|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|location=Washington, D.C.|page=48|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4301/view/1/48/}}</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Death===
| |
| − | In 1849, Gallatin died in [[Astoria, New York|Astoria]] in what is now the [[Borough of Queens, New York]]; he is interred at [[Trinity Churchyard]] in New York City.<ref>{{Find a Grave|375}}</ref> Prior to his death, Gallatin had been the last surviving member of the Jefferson Cabinet and the last surviving Senator from the 18th century.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Honors==
| |
| − | [[File:0025TIARA P1000446.JPG|thumb|Albert Gallatin's grave at New York's [[Trinity Churchyard]].]]
| |
| − | * The [[Gallatin School of Individualized Study]] at New York University honors his participation in the founding of the university.
| |
| − | * The ALBERT student information system at New York University is named for him.
| |
| − | * Gallatin's portrait was on the front of the $500 [[United States Note]] issued in 1862–63.
| |
| − | * Gallatin's portrait was on the [[Definitive stamp|regular issue]] [[Prominent Americans series]] 1¼ ¢ postage stamp from 1967–73.
| |
| − | * [[Friendship Hill National Historic Site]], a {{convert|661|acre|km2|sing=on}} estate which includes the beautifully restored home of Albert Gallatin, is run by the National Park Service and is located in Fayette County, Pa. It is open to the public.
| |
| − | * The [[United States Department of the Treasury]]'s highest career service award is named the Albert Gallatin Award in his honor.
| |
| − | * There is a [[Albert Gallatin (Fraser)|bronze statue of Albert Gallatin by James Earle Fraser]] located in front of the northern entrance of the [[Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)|Treasury Building]].
| |
| − | * 250-ton [[U.S. Revenue Cutter]] ''Albert Gallatin'', built in 1871 and lost in 1892.
| |
| − | * [[USCGC Gallatin (WHEC-721)|USCGC ''Gallatin'' (WHEC-721)]], a {{convert|378|ft|m|sing=on}}, high-endurance Coast Guard cutter homeported in Charleston, S.C., is named for him.
| |
| − | * A school district in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, in which his home, Friendship Hill is located is named the Albert Gallatin Area School District in his honor.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Place names===
| |
| − | [[File:Albert Gallatin US stamp 1 1-4c 1967 issue.jpg|thumb|A 1967 U.S. stamp honoring Albert Gallatin.]]
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin County, Illinois]]
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin County, Kentucky]]
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin, Missouri]]
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin County, Montana]]
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin National Forest]], [[Montana]]
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin River]], Montana
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin Range]], Montana
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin Gateway, Montana]], now known as [[Bozeman, Montana]]
| |
| − | * [[Albert Gallatin Area School District]], Pennsylvania
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin, Tennessee]]
| |
| − | * Gallatin Street in [[Washington, D.C.]]
| |
| − | * Gallatin Road in [[Pico Rivera, California]]
| |
| − | * Gallatin Road (formerly Gallatin School House Road) in [[Downey, California]]
| |
| − | * Gallatin Elementary School in [[Downey, California]]
| |
| − | * Avenue de Gallatin in [[Geneva, Switzerland]]
| |
| − | * Gallatin Hall at [[Harvard Business School]] in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin School of Individualized Study]] at [[New York University]] in [[New York]], New York
| |
| − | * Gallatin Hall at [[Robert Morris University]] in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin, Texas|Gallatin]], Rusk County, Texas
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin, New York|Town of Gallatin]], Columbia County, New York
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==In popular fiction==
| |
| − | In the [[North American Confederacy]] novels by [[L. Neil Smith]], Albert Gallatin intercedes with the [[Whiskey Rebellion]] to benefit the farmers instead of helping the US Government, causing the rebellion to escalate to become the [[Second American Revolution]]. This eventually leads to the overthrowing and execution of [[George Washington]] by firing squad for treason, Gallatin being proclaimed as the [[List of Presidents of the United States|second president]], and the abolishment of the [[United States Constitution|U.S Constitution]] in 1794.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | During his presidency, a new caretaker government is organized in 1795 with all taxes being repealed. In 1797, a revised version of the [[Articles of Confederation]] is ratified, but with a much greater emphasis on individual freedom. In 1803, he and [[James Monroe]] arranged the [[Louisiana Purchase]] from [[France]], borrowing money from private sources against the value of the land. Gallatin would serve as the president until 1812, from when he retired and was succeeded by [[Edmond-Charles Genet]], who served as the third President from 1812 to 1820. In 1814, he would publish the ''Principles of Liberty'', a systematic explanation of the [[Philosophy|philosophies]] of [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[Thomas Paine]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In 1836, Gallatin stepped out of retirement and defeated incumbent president [[John C. Calhoun]] in [[United States presidential election, 1836|that years presidential election]] and served as the seventh President of the NAC until 1840. He was succeeded by [[Sequoyah|Sequoyah Guess]], who served as the eighth President from 1840 to 1842 from when he was killed in a battle by a sniper.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | After his death in 1852, mourning is observed all over the world and [[Revolutions of 1848|many revolutions that take place in eastern European nations in 1848]] are known as ''Gallatinite'' uprisings. In 1876, a giant statue of Gallatin is erected in [[Lake Michigan]]. By 1986, a metric ounce .999 fine [[gold]] coin with his profile on it was being minted.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==See also==
| |
| − | {{Portal|Biography}}
| |
| − | * [[Gallatin Bank Building]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Notes==
| |
| − | {{Reflist|2}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Bibliography==
| |
| − | * {{cite book |first=Henry |last=Adams |title=Life of Albert Gallatin |year=1879 }} [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=91316346 online edition], the standard biography despite its age
| |
| − | * Burrows. Edwin G. "Gallatin, Albert" in [http://www.anb.org/articles/02/02-00135.html ''American National Biography Online'' (2000)]
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Cachia-Riedl |first=Markus Claudius |title=Albert Gallatin and the Politics of the New Nation |others=Ph.D. dissertation at U. of California, Berkeley |year=1998 }}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Dungan |first=Nicholas |title=Gallatin: America's Swiss Founding Father |location= |publisher=New York University Press |year=2010 |isbn= }}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal |last=Goodrich |first=Carter |title=The Gallatin Plan after One Hundred and Fifty Years |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |year=1958 |volume=102 |issue=5 |pages=436–441 |url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/stable/985588 }}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal |last=Hickey |first=Donald R. |title=American Trade Restrictions during the War of 1812 |journal=[[Journal of American History]] |volume=68 |issue=3 |year=1981 |pages=517–538 |jstor=1901937 }}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Kuppenheimer |first=L. B. |title=Albert Gallatin's Vision of Democratic Stability: An Interpretive Profile |year=1996 }}
| |
| − | * McCraw, Thomas K. ''The Founders and Finance: How Hamilton, Gallatin, and Other Immigrants Forged a New Economy'' (2012)
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Mannix |first=Richard |title=Gallatin, Jefferson, and the Embargo of 1808 |journal=[[Diplomatic History (journal)|Diplomatic History]] |year=1979 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=151–172 |issn=0145-2096 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.1979.tb00307.x}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Nelson |first=John Robert |title=Hamilton and Gallatin: Political Economy and Policy-Making in the New Nation, 1789–1812 |others=Ph.D. dissertation, Northern Illinois U |year=1979 }}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Nettels |first=Curtis |title=The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775–1815 |year=1962 }}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Muzzey |first=David Saville |chapter=Gallatin, Abraham Alfonse Albert |title=Dictionary of American Biography |volume=4 |year=1931 }}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal |last=Rothman |first=Rozann |title=Political Method in the Federal System: Albert Gallatin's Contribution |journal=Publius |year=1972 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=123–141 |jstor=3329473 }}
| |
| − | * Stevens, John Austin. ''Albert Gallatin''. 1883.
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Walters |first=Raymond, Jr. |title=Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat |year=1957 }} The standard scholarly biography [http://www.questia.com/library/book/albert-gallatin-jeffersonian-financier-and-diplomat-by-raymond-walters.jsp online edition]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Primary sources===
| |
| − | * {{cite book| editor=[[Henry Brooks Adams|Adams, Henry]] | title=The Writings of Albert Gallatin| others=Three volumes| year=1879}} [https://archive.org/download/writingsgallatin01gallrich/writingsgallatin01gallrich.pdf Volume I] ([[PDF]]), [https://archive.org/download/writingsgallatin02gallrich/writingsgallatin02gallrich.pdf Volume II] ([[PDF]])
| |
| − | * {{cite book| last=Gallatin| first=Albert| chapter=The Land West of the Rockies| title=The Annals of America| others=11 volumes| location=Chicago| publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica| year=1976| pages=209–214}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book| last=Gallatin| first=Albert| url=http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-2411| title=Peace with Mexico| year=1848| others=Hosted by the [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal to Texas History]}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | * {{commonscat-inline}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Gallatin, Albert |short=x}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Gallatin, Albert|year=1900 |short=x |notaref=x}}
| |
| − | * {{cite web| last=Kestenbaum| first=Lawrence| accessdate=2006-08-22| url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/galland-gallman.html| title= Index to Politicians: Gallaher to Gallmeyer| work=The Political Graveyard| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060807195901/http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/galland-gallman.html| archivedate= 7 August 2006 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}
| |
| − | * {{CongBio|G000020}}
| |
| − | * {{gutenberg author|id=Albert_Gallatin_(1761-1849)|name=Albert Gallatin}}
| |
| − | * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Albert Gallatin}}
| |
| − | * [http://www.nps.gov/frhi/index.htm Friendship Hill National Historical Site]
| |
| − | * [http://www.ville-ge.ch/bge/evenements/exposition-en-cours.html ''Albert Gallatin, A Genevan at the root source of the American dream''.] Exhibition, 14.10.2011-17.03.2012, Library of Genava, Switzerland
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {{S-start}}
| |
| − | {{s-par|us-sen}}
| |
| − | {{U.S. Senator box
| |
| − | | state= Pennsylvania
| |
| − | | class=1
| |
| − | | before=[[William Maclay (politician)|William Maclay]]
| |
| − | | after=[[James Ross (Pennsylvania congressman)|James Ross]]
| |
| − | | alongside=[[Robert Morris (merchant)|Robert Morris]]
| |
| − | | years= December 2, 1793 – February 28, 1794<br>(election declared void)}}
| |
| − | {{s-par|us-hs}}
| |
| − | {{USRepSuccessionBox
| |
| − | | state=Pennsylvania
| |
| − | | district=12
| |
| − | | before=[[William Findley]]
| |
| − | | after=[[William Hoge (Pennsylvania politician)|William Hoge]]
| |
| − | | years=1795–1801
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | {{s-off}}
| |
| − | {{U.S. Cabinet official box
| |
| − | | before= [[Samuel Dexter]]
| |
| − | | after= [[George W. Campbell]]
| |
| − | | years= 1801–1814
| |
| − | | president= [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]]
| |
| − | | department= Secretary of the Treasury}}
| |
| − | {{s-dip}}
| |
| − | {{succession box
| |
| − | | title=[[United States Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to France]]
| |
| − | | before=[[William Harris Crawford]]
| |
| − | | after=[[James Brown (Senator)|James Brown]]
| |
| − | | years=1815–1823}}
| |
| − | {{succession box
| |
| − | | title=[[United States Minister Plenipotentiary to Great Britain]]
| |
| − | | before=[[Rufus King]]
| |
| − | | after=[[James Barbour]]
| |
| − | | years= 1826–1827}}
| |
| − | {{s-hon}}
| |
| − | {{succession box
| |
| − | | title=[[List of longest-living United States Senators|Most Senior Living U.S. Senator <br> (Sitting or Former)]]
| |
| − | | before= [[John Rutherfurd]]
| |
| − | | after= [[William Plumer]]
| |
| − | | years= February 23, 1840 – August 12, 1849}}
| |
| − | {{S-end}}
| |
| − | {{USSecTreas}}
| |
| − | {{USSenPA}}
| |
| − | {{US Ambassadors to France}}
| |
| − | {{US Ambassadors to the UK}}
| |
| − | {{Jefferson cabinet}}
| |
| − | {{Madison cabinet}}
| |
| − | {{New York University}}
| |
| − | {{Whiskey Rebellion}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {{Authority control}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {{Persondata
| |
| − | |NAME=Gallatin, Abraham Alfonse Albert
| |
| − | |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Gallatin, Albert
| |
| − | |SHORT DESCRIPTION=American politician; Secretary of the Treasury
| |
| − | |DATE OF BIRTH=January 29, 1761
| |
| − | |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Geneva]], [[Republic and Canton of Geneva#History|Republic of Geneva]]
| |
| − | |DATE OF DEATH=August 12, 1849
| |
| − | |PLACE OF DEATH=[[Astoria, New York]], [[United States]]
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Gallatin, Albert}}
| |
| | [[Category:1761 births]] | | [[Category:1761 births]] |
| | [[Category:1849 deaths]] | | [[Category:1849 deaths]] |
| − | [[Category:American anti-war activists]]
| |
| − | [[Category:American ethnologists]]
| |
| − | [[Category:American people of the War of 1812]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Democratic-Republican Party United States Senators]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Jefferson administration cabinet members]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania]]
| |
| − | [[Category:New York University people]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Pennsylvania Democratic-Republicans]]
| |
| − | [[Category:People from Geneva]]
| |
| | [[Category:People of the Whiskey Rebellion]] | | [[Category:People of the Whiskey Rebellion]] |
| − | [[Category:Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] | + | [[category:Presidents of the United States]] |
| − | [[Category:Swiss emigrants to the United States]]
| + | [[category:Presidents]] |
| − | [[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to France]]
| + | |
| − | [[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom]]
| + | |
| − | [[Category:United States Secretaries of the Treasury]]
| + | |
| − | [[Category:United States Senators from Pennsylvania]]
| + | |
| − | [[Category:People from Machias, Maine]]
| + | |
| − | [[Category:Madison administration cabinet members]]
| + | |
| − | [[Category:World Digital Library related]]
| + | |
| − | [[Category:19th-century American diplomats]]
| + | |
| − | [[Category:Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]
| + | |
| − | [[Category:New York University faculty]]
| + | |
| − | [[Category:American portraits on banknotes]] | + | |
