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{{Infobox Native American leader
|name            = Osceola
|image           = Osceola.jpg
|image_size      = 250px
|caption         = Osceola by [[George Catlin]]
|tribe           = [[Seminole]]
|lead            =
|birth_date      = 1804
|birth_place     = [[Tallassee, Alabama]], US
|death_date      = {{death year and age|1838|1804|1|30}}
|death_place     = [[Fort Moultrie]], [[South Carolina]], US
|predecessor     = 
|successor       = 
|native_name     = Asi-yahola
|native_name_lang = mus
|nicknames       = Billy Powell
|known_for       =
|death_cause     = [[Peritonsillar abscess|Quinsy]] or [[malaria]]
|resting_place   = [[Fort Moultrie]], [[South Carolina]], US
|rp_coordinates  =
|spouse          =
|children        =
|parents         =
|footnotes       =
}}

'''Osceola''' (1804 – January 30, 1838), born as '''Billy Powell''', became an influential leader of the [[Seminole]] in Florida. Of mixed parentage, [[Muscogee people|Creek]], [[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]], and English, he was raised as a Creek by his mother, as the tribe had a [[matrilineal]] [[kinship]] system. They migrated to Florida when he was a child, with other [[Red Stick]] refugees, after their defeat in 1814 in the [[Creek Wars]].

In 1836, Osceola led a small band of warriors in the Seminole resistance during the [[Second Seminole War]], when the United States tried to [[Indian Removal|remove]] the tribe from their lands in Florida. He became an adviser to [[Micanopy]], the principal chief of the Seminole from 1825 to 1849.<ref name=myths>[http://tfn.net/~cdk901/osceola.htm "Osceola, the Man and the Myths"], retrieved January 11, 2007  {{wayback|url=http://tfn.net/~cdk901/osceola.htm |date=20061202105713 }}</ref> Osceola led the war resistance until he was captured in September 1837 by deception, under a flag of truce,<ref>John K. Mahon, HISTORY OF THE SEMINOLE WAR 1835-1842, Second edition (Gainesville: University of Florida, 1985), p. 214. "General Jessup now reached the decision which was to make him more infamous than famous in the eyes of many generations. He decided to persist in his new policy of ignoring flags of truce."</ref> when he went to a US fort for peace talks. Because of his renown, Osceola attracted visitors as well as leading portrait painters. He died a few months later in prison at [[Fort Moultrie]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], of causes reported as an internal infection or malaria.

==Early life ==
Osceola was named Billy Powell at birth in 1804 in the Creek village of ''Talisi''. now known as [[Tallassee, Alabama]], in current [[Elmore County, Alabama|Elmore County]]. "The people in the town of Tallassee...were mixed-blood Native American/English/Irish/Scottish, and some were black. Billy was all of these."<ref name="Osceola Seminole Chief">[http://www.kislakfoundation.org/millennium-exhibit/profiles6.htm "Osceola Seminole Chief"], ''Myths and Dreams: Exploring the Cultural Legacies of Florida and the Caribbean'', Kislak Foundation, 1999–2002, Historical Museum of Southern Florida, retrieved October 10, 2009</ref> His mother was Polly Coppinger, a Creek woman, and his father was William Powell, an English trader.<ref name="Osceola">[http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/seminoles/Rc0-471.cfm "Osceola"], ''The Florida Memory Project'', Florida State Library and Archives, retrieved January 27, 2007</ref> Polly was the daughter of Ann McQueen and Jose Coppinger. Because the Creek have a [[matrilineal]] kinship system, Polly and Ann's other children were all considered to be born into their mother's [[clan]]; they were reared as traditional Creek and gained their status from their mother's people. Ann McQueen was also mixed-race Creek; her father, James McQueen, was Scots-Irish. Ann was probably the sister or aunt of [[Peter McQueen]], a prominent Creek leader and warrior.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Like his mother, Billy was raised in the Creek tribe.

Like his father, Billy's maternal grandfather James McQueen was also a trader; in 1714 he was the first European to trade with the Creek in Alabama. He stayed in the area as a [[fur trader]] and married into the Creek tribe and became closely involved with this people. He is buried in the Indian cemetery in [[Franklin, Alabama]], near a Methodist Missionary Church for the Creek.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}

In 1814, after the Red Stick Creek were defeated by United States forces, Polly took Osceola and moved with other Creek refugees from Alabama to Florida, where they joined the Seminole. In adulthood, as part of the Seminole, Powell was given his name ''Osceola'' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɒ|s|iː|ˈ|oʊ|l|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|oʊ|s|eɪ|ˈ|oʊ|l|ə}}). This is an anglicized form of the [[Creek language|Creek]] ''Asi-yahola'' (pronounced {{IPA-mus|asːi jahoːla|}}); the combination of ''asi'', the ceremonial [[black drink]] made from the [[yaupon holly]], and ''yahola'', meaning "shout" or "shouter".<ref name="Osceola"/><ref>Bright, William ''Native American Placenames of the United States'', University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. p. 185 ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4</ref>

In 1821, the United States acquired Florida from Spain. More European-American settlers started moving in, encroaching on the Seminole. After early military skirmishes and the 1823 [[Treaty of Moultrie Creek]], by which the US seized the northern Seminole lands, Osceola and his family moved with the Seminole deeper into central and southern Florida.

As an adult, Osceola took two wives, as did some other Creek and Seminole leaders. With them, he had at least five children. One of his wives was an African American, and he fiercely opposed the enslavement of free peoples.<ref>{{cite book|last=Giddings|first=Joshua R.|title=The Exiles of Florida|year=1858|publisher=Follet, Foster and Company|location=Columbus, OH|page=97|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41316/41316-h/41316-h.htm#CHAPTER_VII}}</ref>

==1830s resistance and war leader==
{{refimprove section|date=December 2006}}
[[Image:OsceolaOcala.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Osceola stabbing the [[Treaty of Payne's Landing|treaty]] with his [[dagger]]. Statue in [[Silver Springs, Florida]]]]
Through the 1820s and the turn of the decade, American settlers kept up pressure on the US government to [[Indian Removal|remove]] the Seminole from Florida to make way for their desired agricultural development. In 1832, a few Seminole chiefs signed the [[Treaty of Payne's Landing]], by which they agreed to give up their Florida lands in exchange for lands west of the [[Mississippi River]] in [[Indian Territory]]. According to legend, Osceola stabbed the treaty with his knife, although there are no contemporary reports of this.<ref>[http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2004-07-04/news/0407030095_1_osceola-knife-conductor "Fable Sealed Osceola's Fame"], ''Orlando Sentinel,'' July 4, 2004</ref>

Five of the most important Seminole chiefs, including Micanopy of the Alachua Seminole, did not agree to removal. In retaliation, the US Indian agent, [[Wiley Thompson]], declared that those chiefs were deposed from their positions. As US relations with the Seminole deteriorated, Thompson forbade the sale of guns and ammunition to them. Osceola, a young warrior rising to prominence, resented this ban. He felt it equated the Seminole with [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]], who were forbidden to carry arms.

Thompson considered Osceola to be a friend and gave him a rifle.  Later, though, when Osceola quarreled with Thompson, the agent had the warrior locked up at [[Fort King]] for a night. The next day, to secure his release, Osceola agreed to abide by the Treaty of Payne's Landing and to bring his followers into the fort.

On December 28, 1835, Osceola and his followers ambushed and killed Wiley Thompson and six others outside Fort King, while another group of Seminole ambushed and killed a column of US Army troops marching from [[Fort Brooke]] to Fort King, in what Americans called the [[Dade Massacre]]. These nearly simultaneous attacks began the [[Second Seminole War]].<ref>Mishall, John and Mary Lou Mishall. 2004. ''The Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian Conflict''. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2715-2. pp. 90–91, 95–97.</ref>

==Capture==
In October 1837,<!--Reliable sources can be found for the 20th, 21st, 24th and 26th of October – possibly among others – so it's probably best to use only the month unless a definitive source is found.--> on the orders of General [[Thomas Jesup]], Osceola was captured when he went for peace talks near [[St. Augustine, Florida]]. He was initially imprisoned at [[Fort Marion]] before being transferred to [[Fort Moultrie]] on [[Sullivans Island]], outside [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. Osceola's capture by deceit caused a national uproar.  General Jesup and the administration were condemned by many congressional leaders. That December, Osceola and other Seminole prisoners were moved to Fort Moultrie, [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. They were visited by townspeople.

[[George Catlin]] and other prominent painters met the war chief and persuaded him to allow his picture to be painted. [[Robert J. Curtis]] painted an oil portrait of Osceola as well.  These paintings have inspired numerous prints and engravings, which were widely distributed, and even [[Cigar store Indian|cigar store figures]].

Osceola died of [[Peritonsillar abscess|quinsy]]<ref name=Wickman>{{cite book|last=Riles Wickman|first=Patricia|title=Osceola's Legacy|year=2006|publisher=University of Alabama Press|pages=144ff.}}</ref> (though one source gives the cause of death as "[[malaria]]" without further elaboration<ref>[http://www.npg.si.edu/col/native/osceola.htm "Native Americans"], Smithsonian Institution</ref>) on January 30, 1838, three months after his capture.<ref name="Osceola Seminole Chief"/>  He was buried with military honors at Fort Moultrie.

==Legacy and honors==
*Numerous landmarks, including Osceola counties in [[Osceola County, Florida|Florida]], [[Osceola County, Iowa|Iowa]], and [[Osceola County, Michigan|Michigan]], were named after him.
*Florida's [[Osceola National Forest]] was named for him.
*[[Mount Osceola]], located in the [[White Mountain National Forest]] of [[New Hampshire]].
*Lake Osceola, a lake located in the [[University of Miami]].

==Legacy and descendants==
*Direct descendant, Great Great Great Grandson, [[Chief Joe Dan Osceola]] who is Ambassador of the Seminole Tribe.

==Relics==
After his death, army doctor [[Frederick Weedon]] persuaded the Seminole to allow him to make a [[death mask]] of Osceola, this being a European-American custom at the time for prominent people. Later he removed Osceola's head and [[embalmed]] it. For some time, Weedon kept the head and a number of personal objects Osceola had given him.<ref name="milanich">Milanich, Jerald T. "Osceola's Head", ''Archaeology'', January/February 2004</ref> Later, Weedon gave the head to his son-in-law [[Daniel Whitehurst]]. In 1843, Whitehurst sent the head to [[Valentine Mott]], a New York physician.  Mott placed it in his collection at the [[Surgical and Pathological Museum]]. It was presumably lost when a fire destroyed the museum in 1866.<ref name="milanich"/> Some of Osceola's belongings are still held by the Weedon family, while others have disappeared.
 
Captain [[Pitcairn Morrison]] sent the death mask and some other objects collected by Weedon to an army officer in Washington. By 1885, the death mask and some of Osceola's belongings had arrived in the anthropology collection of the [[Smithsonian Institution]], where they are still held.

In 1966, Miami businessman [[Otis W. Shriver]] claimed he had dug up Osceola's grave and put his bones into a bank vault to rebury them at a tourist site at the [[Rainbow Springs]]. Shriver traveled around the state in 1967 to gather support for his project. [[Archaeologists]] later proved that Shriver had dug up animal remains; Osceola's body was still in its coffin.

In 1979 the [[Seminole Nation of Oklahoma]] bought Osceola's [[bandolier]] and other personal items from a [[Sotheby's]] auction. Because of the chief's significance, over time some people have created forgeries of Osceola's belongings. Rumors persist that his embalmed head has been found in various locations.

[[Image:WILLIAMS(1837) Florida - OSEOLA (Osceola).jpg|thumb|right|Osceola. (1836 lithograph)]]
[[Image:Osceola Kenney and Hall.jpeg|thumb|right|Osceola. (1838 lithograph)]]

==In popular culture==

===Literature===
* ''[[Light a Distant Fire]]''  (1988) by [[Lucia St. Clair Robson]]

* ''In the Wilds of Florida: A Tale of Warfare and Hunting'' (1880) by [[William Henry G. Kingston]].

* ''Freedom Land: A Novel'' by [[Martin L. Marcus]]. In this version, Osceola was the son of a respected British officer and his Creek consort.

* ''Osceola'' (1858) by [[Thomas Mayne Reid]].
* ''[[Tourist Season]]'' and ''[[Nature Girl (novel)|Nature Girl]]'', novels by [[Carl Hiaasen]], both give an abbreviated history of Osceola's capture and imprisonment, as well as that of his contemporary, [[Thlocklo Tustenuggee]].

*''Captive'', by [[Heather Graham Pozzessere|Heather Graham]] (1996), historical novel features Osceola as one of the protagonists.

*''War Chief of the Seminoles'' (1954) by May McNeer. Part of the Landmark Books series for children.

* ''Osceola, Häuptling der Seminole-Indianer'' (1963) by Ernie Hearting, novel in German based on historical sources.

*''Osceola His Capture and Seminole Legends'' (2010) by William Ryan. 

*  ''Osceola'' was an early pen name used by the Danish author, [[Karen Blixen]], most known for her works set in Kenya. She also published as Isak Dinesen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguinclassics.co.uk/nf/Author/AuthorPage/0,,1000042420,00.html |title=Isak Dinesen|work=Penguin Classics Authors |publisher=Penguin Classics |date= |accessdate=2012-01-05}}</ref>

* Osceola "Ossie" Bigtree is the name of a character in [[Karen Russell]]'s novel ''[[Swamplandia!]]'', based on her short story ''[[Ava Wrestles the Alligator]]'', about a family of alligator wrestlers in the [[Ten Thousand Islands]].

*Osceola (1889) is a poem by [[Walt Whitman]], featured in ''[[Leaves of Grass]]''.<ref>http://www.whitmanarchive.org/manuscripts/transcriptions/yal.00037.html</ref>

*In the alternate history novel [[The Probability Broach]] as part of the [[North American Confederacy|North American Confederacy Series]] by [[L. Neil Smith]], in which the [[United States]] becomes a [[Libertarianism|Libertarian State]] after a successful [[Whiskey Rebellion]] and the overthrowing execution of [[George Washington]] by firing squad for treason in 1794, '''Osceola''' served as the ninth President of the [[North American Confederacy]] from 1842 to 1848. He was the second [[Native American]] to hold the office of the presidency, with the first being [[Sequoyah|Sequoyah Guess]], who served from 1840 until his death in a battle in 1842. Osceola was succeeded by [[Jefferson Davis]], who served as the tenth president from 1848 to 1852.

===Film===
* In the mid-1930s [[Nathanael West]] wrote a 17-page treatment entitled ''Osceola'', but failed to sell it to a studio.

* ''Naked in the Sun'' (1957), the life of Osceola and the Second Seminole War, starring [[James Craig (actor)|James Craig]] as Osceola.

* ''Osceola – Die rechte Hand der Vergeltung'' (1971) by Konrad Petzold, an East German western with [[Gojko Mitić]] as the Native American leader.

* [[Seminole (film)|''Seminole'']] (1953), highly fictionalized American western film directed by Budd Boetticher and starring [[Anthony Quinn]] as Osceola.

===TV===
*1957 "Jim Bowie" TV-series episode "Osceola" 
When the army attempts to move the Seminole Indians from their own lands to a tract that is much less desirable, Jim steps in on their behalf. [IMDB]  Osceola played by [[Abel Fernandez]].

===Music===
* The song "[[Seminole Wind (song)|Seminole Wind]]", the title track of the album by [[John Anderson (musician)|John Anderson]], refers to hearing the ghost of Osceola.  The song has been covered by [[James Taylor]] and Gravemist.

* The song, "Osceola's Crying," claims the ghost of Osceola cries over the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|Gulf oil spill]].

* The song "Osceola's Last Words", by Will Mclean.  The song has been covered by Bill Staines and Pete Seeger.

===Sports===
*[[Osceola and Renegade]] represent the [[Florida State Seminoles]] football team. Before every game a student dressed as Osceola rides a horse onto the field and plants a flaming spear at the 50-yard line. The use of Osceola and Renegade as a symbol is approved by the Seminole Tribe of Florida.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wieberg|first=Steve|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2005-08-23-fsu-mascot-approved_x.htm|title=NCAA allowing Florida State to use its Seminole mascot|work=USA Today|accessdate=October 11, 2011|date=August 23, 2005}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Marcus, Martin L. ''Freedom Land''. Fiction, Forge Books (Tom Doherty Associates), 2003.
* Milanich, Jerald T. "Osceola's Head", ''Archaeology'', January/February 2004
* Wickman, Patricia R. ''Osceola's Legacy''. University of Alabama Press, 1991.

==External links==
* {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Osceola|short=x}}
* {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Osceola|year=1900|short=x|notaref=x}}
*{{findagrave|23283}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME              = Osceola
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Seminole chief
| DATE OF BIRTH     = 1804
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Tallassee, Alabama]]
| DATE OF DEATH     = January 30, 1838
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Fort Moultrie]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Osceola}}
[[Category:1804 births]]
[[Category:1838 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from malaria]]
[[Category:Native American leaders]]
[[Category:Seminole people]]
[[Category:Native Americans of the Seminole Wars]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in South Carolina]]
[[Category:American people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:Prisoners who died in United States military detention]]
[[Category:Native Americans imprisoned at Fort Marion]]
[[Category:Muscogee people]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:World Digital Library related]]